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 of the Kingdom of Buganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) to the British government. The IBEAC (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) relinquished its control over Uganda after Ugandan internal religious wars had driven it into bankruptcy.[30] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

In 1894, the Uganda Protectorate was established, and the  territory was extended beyond the borders of Buganda by signing more  treaties with the other kingdoms (Toro (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in 1900,[31] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Ankole (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in 1901, and Bunyoro (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in 1933[32] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)) to an area that roughly corresponds to that of present-day Uganda.[33] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The status of Protectorate (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) had significantly different consequences for Uganda than had the region been made a colony like neighboring Kenya (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre),  insofar as Uganda retained a degree of self-government that would have  otherwise been limited under a full colonial administration.[34] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

In the 1890s, 32,000 labourers from British India were recruited to East Africa (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) under indentured labour contracts to construct the Uganda Railway (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).[35] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Most of the surviving Indians returned home, but 6,724 decided to remain in East Africa after the line's completion.[36] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Subsequently, some became traders and took control of cotton ginning and sartorial retail.[37] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

HELLO WORLD

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From 1900 to 1920, a sleeping sickness (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) epidemic in the southern part of Uganda, along the north shores of Lake Victoria, killed more than 250,000 people.[38] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

World War II (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) encouraged the colonial administration of Uganda to recruit 77,143 soldiers to serve in the King's African Rifles (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre). They were seen in action in the Western Desert campaign (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), the Abyssinian campaign (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), the Battle of Madagascar (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and the Burma campaign (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).

Independence (1962 to 1965)

Uganda gained independence from the UK on 9 October 1962 with Queen Elizabeth II (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) as head of state and Queen of Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre). In October 1963, Uganda became a republic but maintained its membership in the Commonwealth of Nations (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).

The first post-independence election, held in 1962, was won by an alliance between the Uganda People's Congress (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (UPC) and Kabaka Yekka (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (KY). UPC and KY formed the first post-independence government with Milton Obote (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) as executive prime minister, with the Buganda Kabaka (King) Edward Muteesa II (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) holding the largely ceremonial position of president.[39] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[40] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Buganda crisis (1962–1966)

Main article: Mengo Crisis (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Construction of the Owen Falls Dam (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in Jinja (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Uganda's immediate post-independence years were dominated by the  relationship between the central government and the largest regional  kingdom – Buganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).[41] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

From the moment the British created the Uganda protectorate, the  issue of how to manage the largest monarchy within the framework of a  unitary state had always been a problem. Colonial governors had failed  to come up with a formula that worked. This was further complicated by  Buganda's nonchalant attitude to its relationship with the central  government. Buganda never sought independence but rather appeared to be  comfortable with a loose arrangement that guaranteed them privileges  above the other subjects within the protectorate or a special status  when the British left. This was evidenced in part by hostilities between  the British colonial authorities and Buganda prior to independence.[42] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Within Buganda, there were divisions – between those who wanted the Kabaka (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) to remain a dominant monarch and those who wanted to join with the rest  of Uganda to create a modern secular state. The split resulted in the  creation of two dominant Buganda based parties – the Kabaka Yekka  (Kabaka Only) KY, and the Democratic Party (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (DP) that had roots in the Catholic Church. The bitterness between  these two parties was extremely intense especially as the first  elections for the post-Colonial parliament approached. The Kabaka  particularly disliked the DP leader, Benedicto Kiwanuka (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).[43] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Outside Buganda, a soft-spoken politician from Northern Uganda, Milton Obote (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre),  had forged an alliance of non-Buganda politicians to form the Uganda  People's Congress (UPC). The UPC at its heart was dominated by  politicians who wanted to rectify what they saw as the regional  inequality that favoured Buganda's special status. This drew in  substantial support from outside Buganda. The party however remained a  loose alliance of interests, but Obote showed great skill at negotiating  them into a common ground based on a federal formula.[44] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The Uganda printers building on Kampala Road, Kampala, Uganda

At Independence, the Buganda question remained unresolved. Uganda was  one of the few colonial territories that achieved independence without a  dominant political party with a clear majority in parliament. In the  pre-Independence elections, the UPC ran no candidates in Buganda and won  37 of the 61 directly elected seats (outside Buganda). The DP won 24  seats outside Buganda. The "special status" granted to Buganda meant  that the 21 Buganda seats were elected by proportional representation  reflecting the elections to the Buganda parliament – the Lukikko. KY won  a resounding victory over DP, winning all 21 seats.

The UPC reached a high at the end of 1964 when the leader of the DP in parliament, Basil Kiiza Bataringaya (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre),  crossed the parliamentary floor with five other MPs, leaving DP with  only nine seats. The DP MPs were not particularly happy that the  hostility of their leader, Benedicto Kiwanuka, towards the Kabaka was  hindering their chances of compromise with KY.[45] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) The trickle of defections turned into a flood when 10 KY members  crossed the floor when they realised the formal coalition with the UPC  was no longer viable. Obote's charismatic speeches across the country  were sweeping all before him, and the UPC was winning almost every local  election held and increasing its control over all district councils and  legislatures outside Buganda.[46] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) The response from the Kabaka was mute – probably content in his  ceremonial role and symbolism in his part of the country. However, there  were also major divisions within his palace that made it difficult for  him to act effectively against Obote. By the time Uganda had become  independent, Buganda "was a divided house with contending social and  political forces"[47] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) There were however problems brewing inside the UPC. As its ranks  swelled, the ethnic, religious, regional, and personal interests began  to shake the party. The party's apparent strength was eroded in a  complex sequence of factional conflicts in its central and regional  structures. And by 1966, the UPC was tearing itself apart. The conflicts  were further intensified by the newcomers who had crossed the  parliamentary floor from DP and KY.[48] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The UPC delegates arrived in Gulu (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in 1964 for their delegates conference. Here was the first  demonstration as to how Obote was losing control of his party. The  battle over the Secretary-General of the party was a bitter contest  between the new moderate's candidate – Grace Ibingira (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and the radical John Kakonge. Ibingira subsequently became the symbol  of the opposition to Obote within the UPC. This is an important factor  when looking at the subsequent events that led to the crisis between  Buganda and the Central government. For those outside the UPC (including  KY supporters), this was a sign that Obote was vulnerable. Keen  observers realised the UPC was not a cohesive unit.[49] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The collapse of the UPC-KY alliance openly revealed the  dissatisfaction Obote and others had about Buganda's "special status".  In 1964, the government responded to demands from some parts of the vast  Buganda Kingdom that they were not the Kabaka's subjects. Prior to  colonial rule, Buganda had been rivalled by the neighbouring Bunyoro (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) kingdom. Buganda had conquered parts of Bunyoro and the British  colonialists had formalised this in the Buganda Agreements. Known as the  "lost counties", the people in these areas wished to revert to being  part of Bunyoro. Obote decided to allow a referendum, which angered the  Kabaka and most of the rest of Buganda. The residents of the counties  voted to return to Bunyoro despite the Kabaka's attempts to influence  the vote.[50] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Having lost the referendum, KY opposed the bill to pass the counties to Bunyoro, thus ending the alliance with the UPC.

The tribal nature of Ugandan politics was also manifesting itself  in government. The UPC which had previously been a national party began  to break along tribal lines when Ibingira challenged Obote in the UPC.  The "North/South" ethnic divide that had been evident in economic and  social spheres now entrenched itself in politics. Obote surrounded  himself with mainly northern politicians – A. A. Neykon, Felix Onama,  Alex Ojera – while Ibingira's supporters who were subsequently arrested  and jailed with him, were mainly from the South – George Magezi, B.  Kirya, Matthias Ngobi. In time, the two factions acquired ethnic labels –  "Bantu" (the mainly Southern Ibingira faction) and "Nilotic" (the  mainly Northern Obote faction). The perception that the government was  at war with the Bantu was further enhanced when Obote arrested and  imprisoned the mainly Bantu ministers who backed Ibingira.[51] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Grey Crowned Crane (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) – a symbol of Uganda

These labels brought into the mix two very powerful influences. First  Buganda – the people of Buganda are Bantu and therefore naturally  aligned to the Ibingira faction. The Ibingira faction further advanced  this alliance by accusing Obote of wanting to overthrow the Kabaka.[51] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) They were now aligned to opposing Obote. Second – the security forces –  the British colonialists had recruited the army and police almost  exclusively from Northern Uganda due to their perceived suitability for  these roles. At independence, the army and police was dominated by  northern tribes – mainly Nilotic. They would now feel more affiliated to  Obote, and he took full advantage of this to consolidate his power. In  April 1966, Obote passed out eight hundred new army recruits at Moroto (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), of whom seventy percent came from the Northern Region.[52] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

At the time there was a tendency to perceive central government  and security forces as dominated by "northerners" – particularly the  Acholi who through the UPC had significant access to government  positions at national level.[53] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) In northern Uganda there were also varied degrees of anti-Buganda  feelings, particularly over the kingdom's "special status" before and  after independence, and all the economic and social benefits that came  with this status. "Obote brought significant numbers of northerners into  the central state, both through the civil service and military, and  created a patronage machine in Northern Uganda".[53] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) However, both "Bantu" and "Nilotic" labels represent significant  ambiguities. The Bantu category for example includes both Buganda and  Bunyoro – historically bitter rivals. The Nilotic label includes the  Lugbara, Acholi, and Langi, all of whom have bitter rivalries that were  to define Uganda's military politics later. Despite these ambiguities,  these events unwittingly brought to fore the northerner/southerner  political divide which to some extent still influences Ugandan politics.

The UPC fragmentation continued as opponents sensed Obote's  vulnerability. At local level where the UPC dominated most councils  discontent began to challenge incumbent council leaders. Even in Obote's  home district, attempts were made to oust the head of the local  district council in 1966. A more worrying fact for the UPC was that the  next national elections loomed in 1967 – and without the support of KY  (who were now likely to back the DP), and the growing factionalism in  the UPC, there was the real possibility that the UPC would be out of  power in months.

Obote went after KY with a new act of parliament in early 1966  that blocked any attempt by KY to expand outside Buganda. KY appeared to  respond in parliament through one of their few remaining MPs, the  terminally ill Daudi Ochieng. Ochieng was an irony – although from  Northern Uganda, he had risen high in the ranks of KY and become a close  confidant to the Kabaka who had gifted him with large land titles in  Buganda. In Obote's absence from Parliament, Ochieng laid bare the  illegal plundering of ivory and gold from the Congo that had been  orchestrated by Obote's army chief of staff, Colonel Idi Amin (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre). He further alleged that Obote, Onama and Neykon had all benefited from the scheme.[54] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Parliament overwhelmingly voted in favour of a motion to censure Amin  and investigate Obote's involvement. This shook the government and  raised tensions in the country.

KY further demonstrated its ability to challenge Obote from  within his party at the UPC Buganda conference where Godfrey Binaisa  (the Attorney General) was ousted by a faction believed to have the  backing of KY, Ibingira and other anti-Obote elements in Buganda.[47] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Obote's response was to arrest Ibingira and other ministers at a  cabinet meeting and to assume special powers in February 1966. In March  1966, Obote also announced that the offices of President and  vice-president would cease to exist – effectively dismissing the Kabaka.  Obote also gave Amin more power – giving him the Army Commander  position over the previous holder (Opolot) who had relations to Buganda  through marriage (possibly believing Opolot would be reluctant to take  military action against the Kabaka if it came to that). Obote abolished  the constitution and effectively suspended elections due in a few  months. Obote went on television and radio to accuse the Kabaka of  various offences including requesting foreign troops which appears to  have been explored by the Kabaka following the rumours of Amin plotting a  coup. Obote further dismantled the authority of the Kabaka by  announcing among other measures:

  • The abolition of independent public service commissions for  federal units. This removed the Kabaka's authority to appoint civil  servants in Buganda.

  • The abolition of the Buganda High Court – removing any judicial authority the Kabaka had.

  • The bringing of Buganda financial management under further central control.

  • Abolition of lands for Buganda chiefs. Land is one of the key sources of Kabaka's power over his subjects.

The lines were now drawn for a show down between Buganda and the  Central government. Historians may argue about whether this could have  been avoided through compromise. This was unlikely as Obote now felt  emboldened and saw the Kabaka as weak. Indeed, by accepting the  presidency four years earlier and siding with the UPC, the Kabaka had  divided his people and taken the side of one against the other. Within  Buganda's political institutions, rivalries driven by religion and  personal ambition made the institutions ineffective and unable to  respond to the central government moves. The Kabaka was often regarded  as aloof and unresponsive to advice from the younger Buganda politicians  who better understood the new post-Independence politics, unlike the  traditionalists who were ambivalent to what was going on as long as  their traditional benefits were maintained. The Kabaka favoured the  neo-traditionalists.[55] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

In May 1966, the Kabaka made his move. He asked for foreign help,  and the Buganda parliament demanded that the Uganda government leave  Buganda (including the capital, Kampala). In response Obote ordered Idi  Amin to attack the Kabaka's palace. The battle for the Kabaka's palace  was fierce – the Kabaka's guards putting up more resistance than had  been expected. The British trained Captain – the Kabaka with about 120  armed men kept Idi Amin at bay for twelve hours.[56] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) It is estimated that up to 2,000 people died in the battle which ended  when the army called in heavier guns and overran the palace. The  anticipated countryside uprising in Buganda did not materialise and a  few hours later a beaming Obote met the press to relish his victory. The  Kabaka escaped over the palace walls and was transported into exile in  London by supporters. He died there three years later.

1966–1971 (before the coup)

In 1966, following a power struggle between the Obote-led government  and King Muteesa, Obote suspended the constitution and removed the  ceremonial president and vice-president. In 1967, a new constitution  proclaimed Uganda a republic and abolished the traditional kingdoms.  Obote was declared the president.[25] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

1971 (after the coup) –1979 (end of Amin regime)

Main article: History of Uganda (1971–79) (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

After a military coup on 25 January 1971 (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Obote was deposed from power and General Idi Amin (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) seized control of the country. Amin ruled Uganda as dictator with the support of the military for the next eight years.[57] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) He carried out mass killings within the country to maintain his rule.  An estimated 80,000–500,000 Ugandans died during his regime.[58] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Aside from his brutalities, he forcibly removed (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) the entrepreneurial Indian (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) minority from Uganda.[59] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) In June 1976, Palestinian terrorists hijacked an Air France (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) flight and forced it to land at Entebbe airport (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre). One hundred of the 250 passengers originally on board were held hostage until an Israeli commando raid (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) rescued them ten days later.[60] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Amin's reign was ended after the Uganda-Tanzania War (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in 1979, in which Tanzanian forces aided by Ugandan exiles invaded Uganda.

1979–present

Main article: History of Uganda (1979–present) (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Belligerents of the Second Congo War. On 19 December 2005, the International Court of Justice (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) found against Uganda, in a case brought by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), for illegal invasion of its territory, and violation of human rights.[61] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Yoweri Museveni (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) has been president since his forces toppled the previous regime in January 1986.

Political parties in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) were restricted in their activities beginning that year, in a measure ostensibly designed to reduce sectarian violence. In the non-party (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) "Movement" system instituted by Museveni, political parties continued  to exist, but they could operate only a headquarters office. They could  not open branches, hold rallies, or field candidates directly (although  electoral candidates could belong to political parties). A  constitutional referendum cancelled this nineteen-year ban on  multi-party politics in July 2005.

In 1993, Pope John Paul II (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) visited Uganda during his 6-day pastoral trip (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) to urge Ugandans to seek reconciliation. During mass celebrations, he paid homage to the slain Christian martyrs.

In the mid-to-late 1990s, Museveni was lauded by western countries as part of a new generation of African leaders (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).[62] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

His presidency has been marred, however, by invading and occupying the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the Second Congo War (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), resulting in an estimated 5.4 million deaths since 1998, and by participating in other conflicts in the Great Lakes region of Africa (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).  He has struggled for years in the civil war against the Lord's  Resistance Army, which has been guilty of numerous crimes against  humanity, including child slavery (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), the Atiak massacre (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), and other mass murders. Conflict in northern Uganda has killed thousands and displaced millions.[63] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Parliament abolished presidential term limits in 2005, allegedly  because Museveni used public funds to pay US$2,000 to each member of  parliament who supported the measure.[64] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Presidential elections (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) were held in February 2006. Museveni ran against several candidates, the most prominent of them being Kizza Besigye (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).

On 20 February 2011, the Uganda Electoral Commission declared the  incumbent president Yoweri Kaguta Museveni the winning candidate of the  2011 elections (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) that were held on 18 February 2011. The opposition however, were not  satisfied with the results, condemning them as full of sham and rigging.  According to the official results, Museveni won with 68 percent of the  votes. This easily topped his nearest challenger, Besigye, who had been  Museveni's physician and told reporters that he and his supporters  "downrightly snub" the outcome as well as the unremitting rule of  Museveni or any person he may appoint. Besigye added that the rigged  elections would definitely lead to an illegitimate leadership and that  it is up to Ugandans to critically analyse this. The European Union's  Election Observation Mission reported on improvements and flaws of the  Ugandan electoral process: "The electoral campaign and polling day were  conducted in a peaceful manner. However, the electoral process was  marred by avoidable administrative and logistical failures that led to  an unacceptable number of Ugandan citizens being disfranchised."[65] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Since August 2012, hacktivist group Anonymous (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) has threatened Ugandan officials and hacked official government websites over its anti-gay bills.[66] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Some international donors have threatened to cut financial aid to the country if anti-gay bills continue.[67] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Indicators of a plan for succession by the president's son, Muhoozi Kainerugaba, have increased tensions.[68] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[69] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[70] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[71] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

President Yoweri Museveni has ruled the country since 1986 and he was latest re-elected in January 2021 presidential elections (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre). According to official results Museveni won the elections with 58% of the vote while popstar-turned-politician Bobi Wine (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) had 35%. The opposition challenged the result because of allegations of widespread fraud and irregularities.[72] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[73] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Another opposition candidate was 24 year old John Katumba.[74] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Geography

Main article: Geography of Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Uganda is located in southeast Africa between 1Âș S and 4Âș N latitude,  and between 30Âș E and 35Âș E longitude. Its geography is very diverse  consisting of volcanic hills, mountains, and lakes. The country sits at  an average of 900 meters above sea level. Both the eastern and western  borders of Uganda have mountains. The Ruwenzori mountain range contains  the highest peak in Uganda, which is named Alexandra and measures 5,094  meters.

Lakes and rivers

Much of the south of the country is heavily influenced by one of the  world's biggest lakes, Lake Victoria, which contains many islands. The  most important cities are located in the south, near this lake,  including the capital Kampala (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and the nearby city of Entebbe (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).[75] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Lake Kyoga (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) is in the centre of the country and is surrounded by extensive marshy areas.[76] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Although landlocked, Uganda contains many large lakes. Besides Lakes Victoria and Kyoga, there are Lake Albert (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Lake Edward (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), and the smaller Lake George (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).[75] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) It lies almost completely within the Nile (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) basin. The Victoria Nile drains from Lake Victoria into Lake Kyoga and  thence into Lake Albert on the Congolese border. It then runs northwards  into South Sudan (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre). An area in eastern Uganda is drained by the Suam River (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), part of the internal drainage basin of Lake Turkana (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre). The extreme north-eastern part of Uganda drains into the Lotikipi Basin, which is primarily in Kenya.[75] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Biodiversity and conservation

Main article: Conservation in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Uganda map of Köppen climate classification.

Uganda has 60 protected areas (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), including ten national parks: Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and Rwenzori Mountains National Park (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (both UNESCO World Heritage Sites (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[77] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)), Kibale National Park (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Kidepo Valley National Park (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Lake Mburo National Park (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Mgahinga Gorilla National Park (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Mount Elgon National Park (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Murchison Falls National Park (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Queen Elizabeth National Park (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), and Semuliki National Park (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).

Side view of Victoria Nile (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[78] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Uganda is home to a vast number of species, including a population of mountain gorillas (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, gorillas and golden monkeys (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in the Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, and hippos (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in the Murchison Falls National Park.[79] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) mean score of 4.36/10, ranking it 128th globally out of 172 countries.[80] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Government and politics

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Main article: Politics of Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The President of Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) is both head of state (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and head of government (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre). The president appoints a vice-president and a prime minister (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) to aid him in governing.

The parliament is formed by the National Assembly (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre),  which has 449 members. These include; 290 constituency representatives,  116 district woman representatives, 10 representatives of the Uganda  Peoples Defense Forces, 5 representatives of the youth, 5  representatives of workers, 5 representatives of persons with  disabilities and 18 ex officio (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) members.[81] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Foreign relations

Further information: Foreign relations of Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Uganda is a member of the East African Community (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (EAC), along with Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi and South Sudan.  According to the East African Common Market Protocol of 2010, the free  trade and free movement of people is guaranteed, including the right to  reside in another member country for purposes of employment. This  protocol, however, has not been implemented because of work permit and  other bureaucratic, legal, and financial obstacles. Uganda is a founding  member of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (IGAD) an eight-country bloc including governments from the Horn of Africa (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Nile Valley (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and the African Great Lakes (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).[82] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Its headquarters are in Djibouti City. Uganda is also a member of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).[83] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

U.S. President George W. Bush (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) met with President Yoweri Museveni in Entebbe, Uganda, 11 July 2003.

Military

Further information: Uganda People's Defence Force (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

In Uganda, the Uganda People's Defence Force (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) serves as the military. The number of military personnel in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) is estimated at 45,000 soldiers on active duty. The Uganda army is  involved in several peacekeeping and combat missions in the region, with  commentators noting that only the United States Armed Forces (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) is deployed in more countries. Uganda has soldiers deployed in the  northern and eastern areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and  in the Central African Republic (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Somalia (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), and South Sudan (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).[84] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Corruption

Main article: Corruption in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Transparency International (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) has rated Uganda's public sector as one of the most corrupt in the  world. In 2016, Uganda ranked 151st best out of 176 and had a score of  25 on a scale from 0 (perceived as most corrupt) to 100 (perceived as  clean).[85] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The World Bank (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)'s 2015 Worldwide Governance Indicators ranked Uganda in the worst 12 percentile of all countries.[86] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) According to the United States Department of State (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)'s  2012 Human Rights Report on Uganda, "The World Bank's most recent  Worldwide Governance Indicators reflected corruption was a severe  problem" and that "the country annually loses 768.9 billion shillings  ($286 million) to corruption."[70] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Ugandan parliamentarians in 2014 earned 60 times what was earned  by most state employees, and they sought a major increase. This caused  widespread criticism and protests, including the smuggling of two  piglets into the parliament in June 2014 to highlight corruption amongst  members of parliament. The protesters, who were arrested, used the word  "MPigs" to highlight their grievance.[87] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

A specific scandal, which had significant international  consequences and highlighted the presence of corruption in high-level  government offices, was the embezzlement of $12.6 million of donor funds  from the Office of the Prime Minister in 2012. These funds were  "earmarked as crucial support for rebuilding northern Uganda, ravaged by  a 20-year war, and Karamoja, Uganda's poorest region." This scandal  prompted the EU, the UK, Germany, Denmark, Ireland, and Norway to  suspend aid.[88] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Widespread grand and petty corruption involving public officials  and political patronage systems have also seriously affected the  investment climate in Uganda. One of the high corruption risk areas is  the public procurement in which non-transparent under-the-table cash  payments are often demanded from procurement officers.[89] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

What may ultimately compound this problem is the availability of  oil. The Petroleum Bill, passed by parliament in 2012 and touted by the  NRM as bringing transparency to the oil sector, has failed to please  domestic and international political commentators and economists. For  instance, Angelo Izama, a Ugandan energy analyst at the US-based Open  Society Foundation said the new law was tantamount to "handing over an  ATM (cash) machine" to Museveni and his regime.[90] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) According to Global Witness in 2012, a non-governmental organisation  devoted to international law, Uganda now has "oil reserves that have the  potential to double the government's revenue within six to ten years,  worth an estimated US $2.4 billion per year."[91] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The Non-Governmental Organizations (Amendment) Act, passed in  2006, has stifled the productivity of NGOs through erecting barriers to  entry, activity, funding and assembly within the sector. Burdensome and  corrupt registration procedures (i.e. requiring recommendations from  government officials; annual re-registration), unreasonable regulation  of operations (i.e. requiring government notification prior to making  contact with individuals in NGO's area of interest), and the  precondition that all foreign funds be passed through the Bank of  Uganda, among other things, are severely limiting the output of the NGO  sector. Furthermore, the sector's freedom of speech has been continually  infringed upon through the use of intimidation, and the recent Public  Order Management Bill (severely limiting freedom of assembly) will only  add to the government's stockpile of ammunition.[92] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

There are many areas which continue to attract concern when it comes to human rights in Uganda.

Conflict in the northern parts of the country continues to generate reports of abuses by both the rebel Lord's Resistance Army (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (LRA), led by Joseph Kony (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), and the Ugandan Army (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre). A UN official accused the LRA in February 2009 of "appalling brutality" in the Democratic Republic of Congo.[93] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The number of internally displaced persons (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) is estimated at 1.4 million. Torture continues to be a widespread  practice amongst security organisations. Attacks on political freedom in  the country, including the arrest and beating of opposition members of  parliament, have led to international criticism, culminating in May 2005  in a decision by the British government to withhold part of its aid to  the country. The arrest of the main opposition leader Kizza Besigye (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and the siege of the High Court (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) during a hearing of Besigye's case by heavily armed security forces – before the February 2006 elections (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) – led to condemnation.[94] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Child labour (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) is common in Uganda. Many child workers are active in agriculture.[95] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Children who work on tobacco farms in Uganda are exposed to health hazards.[95] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Child domestic servants in Uganda risk sexual abuse (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).[95] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Trafficking of children (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) occurs.[95] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Slavery (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)and forced labour (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) are prohibited by the Ugandan constitution.[95] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants reported several  violations of refugee rights in 2007, including forcible deportations by  the Ugandan government and violence directed against refugees.[96] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Torture and extrajudicial killings have been a pervasive problem  in Uganda in recent years. For instance, according to a 2012 US State  Department report, "the African Center for Treatment and Rehabilitation  for Torture Victims registered 170 allegations of torture against  police, 214 against the UPDF, 1 against military police, 23 against the  Special Investigations Unit, 361 against unspecified security personnel,  and 24 against prison officials" between January and September 2012.[70] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

In September 2009, Museveni refused Kabaka Muwenda Mutebi, the  Baganda king, permission to visit some areas of Buganda Kingdom,  particularly the Kayunga district. Riots occurred and over 40 people  were killed while others still remain imprisoned. Furthermore, 9 more  people were killed during the April 2011 "Walk to Work" demonstrations.  According to the Humans Rights Watch 2013 World Report on Uganda, the  government has failed to investigate the killings associated with both  of these events.[97] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

LGBT rights

Main article: LGBT rights in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Protests in New York City (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) against Uganda's Anti-Homosexuality Bill (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).

In 2007, a Ugandan newspaper, the Red Pepper (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), published a list of allegedly gay men, many of whom suffered harassment as a result.[98] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

On 9 October 2010, the Ugandan newspaper Rolling Stone (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) published a front-page article titled "100 Pictures of Uganda's Top  Homos Leak" that listed the names, addresses, and photographs of 100  homosexuals alongside a yellow banner that read "Hang Them".[99] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) The paper also alleged that homosexuals aimed to recruit (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Ugandan children. This publication attracted international attention and criticism from human rights organisations, such as Amnesty International (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre),[100] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) No Peace Without Justice (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[101] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).[102] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) According to gay rights (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) activists, many Ugandans have been attacked since the publication.[103] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) On 27 January 2011, gay rights activist David Kato (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) was murdered.[104] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

In 2009, the Ugandan parliament considered an Anti-Homosexuality Bill (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) that would have broadened the criminalisation of homosexuality by  introducing the death penalty for people who have previous convictions,  or are HIV-positive, and engage in same-sex sexual acts. The bill also  included provisions for Ugandans who engage in same-sex sexual relations  outside of Uganda, asserting that they may be extradited (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) back to Uganda for punishment, and included penalties for individuals,  companies, media organisations, or non-governmental organizations that  support legal protection for homosexuality or sodomy. The private member's bill (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) was submitted by MP (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) David Bahati (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in Uganda on 14 October 2009, and was believed to have had widespread support in the Uganda parliament.[105] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) The hacktivist group Anonymous (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) hacked into Ugandan government websites in protest of the bill.[106] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) The debate of the bill was delayed in response to global condemnation  but was eventually passed on 20 December 2013 and signed by President  Yoweri Museveni on 24 February 2014. The death penalty was dropped in  the final legislation. The law was widely condemned by the international  community. Denmark, the Netherlands, and Sweden said they would  withhold aid. The World Bank (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) on 28 February 2014 said it would postpone a US$90 million loan, while  the United States said it was reviewing ties with Uganda.[107] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) On 1 August 2014, the Constitutional Court of Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) ruled the bill invalid as it was not passed with the required quorum (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).[108] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[109] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[110] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) A 13 August 2014 news report said that the Ugandan attorney general had  dropped all plans to appeal, per a directive from President Museveni  who was concerned about foreign reaction to the bill and who also said  that any newly introduced bill should not criminalise same-sex  relationships between consenting adults.[111] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Progress on the continent of Africa has been slow but progressing with  South Africa being the only country where same sex marriages are  recognised.[112] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

As of 2022, Uganda is divided into four Regions of Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and 136 districts (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).[113] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[114] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Rural areas of districts are subdivided into sub-counties (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), parishes, and villages. Municipal and town councils are designated in urban areas of districts.[115] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Political subdivisions in Uganda are officially served and united by the Uganda Local Governments Association (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (ULGA), a voluntary and non-profit body which also serves as a forum  for support and guidance for Ugandan sub-national governments.[116] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Parallel with the state administration, five traditional Bantu (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) kingdoms have remained, enjoying some degrees of mainly cultural autonomy. The kingdoms are Toro (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Busoga (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Bunyoro (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Buganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), and Rwenzururu (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre). Furthermore, some groups attempt to restore Ankole (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) as one of the officially recognised traditional kingdoms, to no avail yet.[117] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Several other kingdoms and chiefdoms are officially recognised by the  government, including the union of Alur chiefdoms, the Iteso paramount  chieftaincy, the paramount chieftaincy of Lango and the Padhola state.[118] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Economy and infrastructure

Main articles: Economy of Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Energy in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), and Agriculture in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Graphical depiction of Uganda's product exports in 28 color-coded categories.

The Bank of Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) is the central bank (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) of Uganda and handles monetary policy along with the printing of the Ugandan shilling (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).[119] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

In 2015, Uganda's economy generated export income from the  following merchandise: coffee (US$402.63 million), oil re-exports  (US$131.25 million), base metals and products (US$120.00 million), fish  (US$117.56 million), maize (US$90.97 million), cement (US$80.13  million), tobacco (US$73.13 million), tea (US$69.94 million), sugar  (US$66.43 million), hides and skins (US$62.71 million), cocoa beans  (US$55.67 million), beans (US$53.88 million), simsim (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (US$52.20 million), flowers (US$51.44 million), and other products (US$766.77 million).[120] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Change in per capita GDP of Uganda, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.

The country has been experiencing consistent economic growth. In  fiscal year 2015–16, Uganda recorded gross domestic product growth of  4.6 percent in real terms and 11.6 percent in nominal terms. This  compares to 5.0 percent real growth in fiscal year 2014–15.[121] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre): vii

The country has largely untapped reserves of both crude oil (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and natural gas.[122] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) While agriculture accounted for 56 percent of the economy in 1986, with  coffee as its main export, it has now been surpassed by the services  sector, which accounted for 52 percent of GDP in 2007.[123] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) In the 1950s, the British colonial regime encouraged some 500,000 subsistence farmers to join co-operatives.[124] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Since 1986, the government (with the support of foreign countries and  international agencies) has acted to rehabilitate an economy devastated  during the regime of Idi Amin and the subsequent civil war.[4] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

In 2012, the World Bank still listed Uganda on the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) list.[125] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Economic growth has not always led to poverty reduction (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).  Despite an average annual growth of 2.5 percent between 2000 and 2003,  poverty levels increased by 3.8 percent during that time.[126] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) This has highlighted the importance of avoiding jobless growth (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and is part of the rising awareness in development circles of the need for equitable growth (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) not just in Uganda, but across the developing world.[126] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Coffee fields in southwestern Uganda

With the Uganda securities exchanges established in 1996, several  equities have been listed. The government has used the stock market as  an avenue for privatisation. All government treasury issues are listed  on the securities exchange. The Capital Markets Authority has licensed  18 brokers, asset managers, and investment advisors including: African  Alliance Investment Bank, Baroda Capital Markets Uganda Limited, Crane  Financial Services Uganda Limited, Crested Stocks and Securities  Limited, Dyer & Blair Investment Bank, Equity Stock Brokers Uganda  Limited, Renaissance Capital Investment Bank and UAP Financial Services  Limited.[127] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) As one of the ways of increasing formal domestic savings, pension sector reform is the centre of attention (2007).[128] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[129] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Uganda traditionally depends on Kenya for access to the Indian Ocean port of Mombasa (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre). Efforts have intensified to establish a second access route to the sea via the lakeside ports of Bukasa (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in Uganda and Musoma (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in Tanzania, connected by railway to Arusha (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in the Tanzanian interior and to the port of Tanga (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) on the Indian Ocean.[130] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Workers at a textile factory in Jinja (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Uganda is a member of the East African Community (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and a potential member of the planned East African Federation (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).

Uganda has a large diaspora, residing mainly in the United States  and the United Kingdom. This diaspora has contributed enormously to  Uganda's economic growth through remittances and other investments  (especially property). According to the World Bank, Uganda received in  2016 an estimated US$1.099 billion in remittances from abroad, second  only to Kenya (US$1.574 billion) in the East African Community.[131] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and seventh in Africa[132] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Uganda also serves as an economic hub for a number of neighbouring countries like the Democratic Republic of the Congo,[133] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) South Sudan,[134] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and Rwanda.[135] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The Ugandan Bureau of Statistics announced inflation was 4.6 percent in November 2016.[136] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) On 29 June 2018, Uganda's statistics agency said the country registered  a drop in inflation to 3.4 percent in the financial year ending 2017/18  compared to the 5.7 percent recorded in the financial year 2016/17.[137] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Industry

Uganda ranked as number 102 (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) among the countries of the world in nominal Gross Domestic Product (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) by the International Monetary Fund (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) with a GDP (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) of 26,349 (US$million).[138] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) The World Bank (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) ranked Uganda as number 99 (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in nominal GDP (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) with a GDP (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) of 25,891 (US$million).[139] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)Based on the GDP with purchasing power parity (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) the IMF (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) ranked Uganda as number 86 (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (91,212 million of current Int$) and the World Bank (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) ranked them 90 (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (79,889 million of current Int$).[138] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[139] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Since the 1990s, the economy in Uganda is growing. Real gross  domestic product (GDP) grew at an average of 6.7% annually during the  period 1990–2015, whereas real GDP per capita grew at 3.3% per annum  during the same period.[140] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Poverty

Main article: Poverty in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Uganda is one of the poorest nations in the world. In 2012, 37.8 percent of the population lived on less than $1.25 a day.[141] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Despite making enormous progress in reducing the countrywide poverty  incidence from 56 percent of the population in 1992 to 24.5 percent in  2009, poverty remains deep-rooted in the country's rural areas, which  are home to 84 percent of Ugandans.[142] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

People in rural areas of Uganda depend on farming as the main  source of income and 90 per cent of all rural women work in the  agricultural sector.[143] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) In addition to agricultural work, rural women are responsible for the  caretaking of their families. The average Ugandan woman spends 9 hours a  day on domestic tasks, such as preparing food and clothing, fetching  water and firewood, and caring for the elderly, the sick as well as  orphans. As such, women on average work longer hours than men, between  12 and 18 hours per day, with a mean of 15 hours, as compared to men,  who work between 8 and 10 hours a day.[144] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

To supplement their income, rural women may engage in small-scale  entrepreneurial activities such as rearing and selling local breeds of  animals. Nonetheless, because of their heavy workload, they have little  time for these income-generating activities. The poor cannot support  their children at school and in most cases, girls drop out of school to  help out in domestic work or to get married. Other girls engage in sex  work. As a result, young women tend to have older and more sexually  experienced partners and this puts women at a disproportionate risk of  getting affected by HIV, accounting for about 5.7 per cent of all adults  living with HIV in Uganda.[145] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Maternal health in rural Uganda lags behind national policy targets and the Millennium Development Goals (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre),  with geographical inaccessibility, lack of transport and financial  burdens identified as key demand-side constraints to accessing maternal  health services;[146] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) as such, interventions like intermediate transport mechanisms have been  adopted as a means to improve women's access to maternal health care  services in rural regions of the country.[147] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Gender inequality is the main hindrance to reducing women's  poverty. Women are subjected to an overall lower social status than men.  Many women believe this reduces their power to act independently,  participate in community life, become educated and escape reliance upon  abusive men.[148] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Entebbe International Airport

Air transportation

There are 35 airports (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in Uganda. Commercial airlines operate scheduled passenger services out  of four airports. Uganda currently has one functioning international  airport, Entebbe International Airport (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), which is located 25 miles (40 km) south-west of Kampala (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre). In 2017, the airport traffic hit 1.53 million passengers, 8% more than the previous year.[149] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) A second international airport, Hoima International Airport (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), is currently under construction.[150] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Road network

See also: List of roads in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Road to Murchison

Road transportation is the most important way of transportation in  Uganda. 95% of freight and passenger traffic is handled by road traffic.  The road network in Uganda is approximately 129,469 km (80,448 mi)  long. About 4% of these roads are paved which equates to only about  5,300 kilometres (3,300 mi) of paved road. The different types of roads  are national roads (22,009 km (13,676 mi)—17%), district roads  (33,661 km (20,916 mi)—26%), urban roads (9,062 km (5,631 mi)—7%), and  community roads (64,734 km (40,224 mi)—50%).[151] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) The national roads make up about 17% of the road network but carry over 80% of the total road traffic.[152] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) In Uganda there are 83,000 private cars which means 2.94 cars per 1000 inhabitants.[153] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Railroad

The rail network in Uganda is approximately 1,260 kilometres (780 mi) long. The longest lines are the main line from Kampala (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) to Tororo (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (249 kilometres (155 mi)), the western line from Kampala (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) to Kasese (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (333 kilometres (207 mi)), the northern line from Tororo (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) to Pakwach (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (641 kilometres (398 mi)).[154] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Communications

Main article: Communications in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).  (January 2013)

Mobile operators offer money sending, receiving services, bill payments among many more services.

There are seven telecommunications companies serving over 21 million subscribers[155] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in a population of over 34 million.[156] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) More than 95 percent of internet connections are made using mobile phones.[157] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The total mobile and fixed telephony subscriptions increased from  over 20 million to over 21 million yielding an increment of over 1.1  million subscribers (5.4 increase) compared to the 4.1 percent increases  realised in the previous quarter Q4 2014 (October–December).[155] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Mobile & fixed telephony[155] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)   Indicators  Q4 2014  Q1 2015  Change (%)   Mobile Subscriptions (prepaid)  20,257,656  21,347,079  5.4   Mobile Subscriptions (post-paid)  108,285  110,282  1.8   Fixed subscriptions  324,442  349,163  7.6   Tele-density  56.5  62.5  10.6   National status  20,690,383  21,806,523  5.4

Energy

See also: Energy in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Uganda is richly endowed with abundant energy resources, which are  fairly distributed throughout the country. These include hydropower,  biomass, solar, geothermal, peat and fossil fuels.

In the 1980s, the majority of energy in Uganda came from charcoal and wood. However, oil was found in the Lake Albert (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) area, totaling an estimated 95 million cubic metres (3.4×109 cu ft) barrels of crude.[122] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Heritage Oil (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) discovered one of the largest crude oil finds in Uganda, and continues operations there.[158] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Uganda and Tanzania signed a deal on 13 September 2016 that will  see the two countries build a 1,445 km, $3.5bn crude oil pipeline. The Uganda–Tanzania Crude Oil Pipeline (UTCOP) (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), also known as the East African Crude Oil Pipeline (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (EACOP) will be the first of its kind in East Africa, will connect  Uganda's oil-rich Hoima region with the Indian Ocean through the Tanga  port in Tanzania.

Uganda's favorable enabling environment and broad presence of  private sector investment presents a unique opportunity to deliver on Power Africa (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) goals.[159] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Uganda is one of the few sub-Saharan African countries to have  liberalized and financially viable energy markets, with generation,  transmission and supply segments unbundled since 2001.[160] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) There is an independent Electricity Regulatory Authority (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) that undertakes sector regulation and oversight. The largest distribution company, UMEME (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) is privately owned and has a 20-year concession for distribution and  retail. The country, however, is divided into 13 rural service  territories, and 6 of these are being managed by small distribution  companies. Independent power producers (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (IPPs) currently account for nearly 60% of generation capacity. Issues  with integrated planning and the financial ecosystem persist.

Water supply and sanitation

Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

According to a 2006 published report, the Ugandan water supply and  sanitation sector had made substantial progress in urban areas since the  mid-1990s, with substantial increases in coverage as well as in  operational and commercial performance.[161] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre): 3–4  Sector reforms in the period 1998–2003 included the commercialisation and modernisation of the National Water and Sewerage Corporation (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) operating in cities and larger towns, as well as decentralisation and private sector participation in small towns.[162] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre): 15

Although these reforms have attracted significant international  attention, 38 percent of the population still had no access to an improved water source (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in 2010. Concerning access to improved sanitation (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre),  figures have varied widely. According to government figures, it was 70  percent in rural areas and 81 percent in urban areas in 2011,[163] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) while according to UN figures it was only 34 percent.[164] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The water and sanitation sector was recognised as a key area under the 2004 Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), Uganda's main strategy paper to fight poverty.[165] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre): 182–188  According to a 2006 published report, a comprehensive expenditure  framework had been introduced to co-ordinate financial support by  external donors, the national government, and nongovernmental organisations (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).[166] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre): 5  The PEAP estimated that from 2001 to 2015, about US$1.4 billion, or  US$92 million per year, was needed to increase water supply coverage up  to 95 percent, with rural areas needing US$956 million, urban areas and  large towns needing US$281 million, and small towns needing US$136  million.[165] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre): 182–183

Education

Main article: Education in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Uganda's  educational system, while lacking in many areas, has seen significant  change since the late 1990s. The educational system is set up so that  children spend seven years in primary school, six years in secondary  school, and three to five years in post secondary school. In 1997, the  government declared that primary school would be free for all children.[167] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) This amendment has had huge benefits. In 1986, only two million  children were attending primary school. By 1999, six million children  were attending primary school, and this number has continued to climb. Following significant gains in access to primary education since 1997  when universal primary education (UPE) was introduced, Uganda in 2007  became the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to introduce universal  secondary education [168] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)(USE).  This bold step by the Government of Uganda led to an increase in lower  secondary enrolment of nearly 25% between 2007 and 2012.

Students in Uganda

At the 2002 census, Uganda had a literacy (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) rate of 66.8 percent (76.8 percent male and 57.7 percent female).[4] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Public spending on education was at 5.2 percent of the 2002–2005 GDP.[169] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

As of 2020, the NCHE (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) website listed 46 private accredited universities.[170] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) to mention a few, Makerere University (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Mbarara University of science and technology (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Kyambogo University (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Gulu University (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Uganda Christian University (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Kampala international University (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) among many more.

Health

Main articles: Health in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and HIV/AIDS in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

There were eight physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s.[169] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Uganda's elimination of user fees at state health facilities in 2001  has resulted in an 80 percent increase in visits, with over half of this  increase coming from the poorest 20 percent of the population.[171] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) This policy has been cited as a key factor in helping Uganda achieve  its Millennium Development Goals and as an example of the importance of  equity in achieving those goals.[126] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Despite this policy, many users are denied care if they do not provide  their own medical equipment, as happened in the highly publicised case  of Jennifer Anguko.[172] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Poor communication within hospitals,[173] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) low satisfaction with health services[174] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and distance to health service providers undermine the provision of  quality health care to people living in Uganda, and particularly for  those in poor and elderly-headed households.[175] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) The provision of subsidies for poor and rural populations, along with  the extension of public private partnerships, have been identified as  important provisions to enable vulnerable populations to access health  services.[175] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Development of life expectancy

Life expectancy (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) at birth was estimated to be 63.4 years in 2019.[176] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) The infant mortality (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) rate was approximately 61 deaths per 1,000 children in 2012.[177] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

In July 2012, there was an Ebola (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) outbreak in the Kibaale District (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) of the country.[178] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) On 4 October 2012, the Ministry of Health officially declared the end of the outbreak after at least 16 people had died.[179] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The Health Ministry announced on 16 August 2013 that three people had died in northern Uganda from a suspected outbreak of Congo Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).[180] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Uganda has been among the rare HIV (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) success stories.[169] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Infection rates of 30 percent of the population in the 1980s fell to 6.4 percent by the end of 2008.[181] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[182] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Meanwhile, the practice of abstinence was found to have decreased.[183] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Less than half of all sexually active unmarried women use a  modern contraceptive method, a fraction that has barely changed from  2000 to 2011. However, only ~26% of married women used contraceptives in  2011. The use of contraceptives also differs substantially between poor  (~15%) and wealthy women (~40%).[184] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) As a result, Ugandan women have ~6 children while they prefer to have  around ~4. According to the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey  (DHS), more than 40% of births are unplanned. In 2010, the Ugandan  Ministry of Health estimated that unsafe abortion accounted for 8% of  the country's maternal deaths.[184] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) The 2006 Uganda Demographic Health Survey (UDHS) indicated that roughly  6,000 women die each year from pregnancy-related complications.[185] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Pilot studies in 2012 by Future Health Systems have shown that this  rate could be significantly reduced by implementing a voucher scheme for  health services and transport to clinics.[186] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[187] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The prevalence of female genital mutilation (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (FGM) is low: according to a 2013 UNICEF report,[188] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) only 1 percent of women in Uganda have undergone FGM, with the practice being illegal in the country.[189] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Crime and law enforcement

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).  (January 2013)

In Uganda, the Allied Democratic Forces (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) is considered a violent rebel force that opposes the Ugandan  government. These rebels are an enemy of the Uganda People's Defence  Force and are considered an affiliate of Al-Shabaab (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).[190] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Rwenzori mountains in Uganda

Tourism in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) is focused on Uganda's landscape and wildlife. It is a major driver of  employment, investment and foreign exchange, contributing 4.9 trillion Ugandan shillings (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (US$1.88 billion or €1.4 billion as of August 2013) to Uganda's GDP (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in the financial year 2012–13.[191] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) The Uganda Tourism Board is responsible for maintaining information  pertaining to tourism in Uganda. The main attractions are photo safaris  through the National parks and game Reserves (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).  Other attractions include the Mountain Gorillas found in Bwindi  Impenetrable National Park (BINP) and Mgahinga Gorilla National Park  (MGNP), Uganda having some of the oldest cultural kingdom in Africa has  many Cultural sites (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).  Uganda is a birding paradise boasting a massive bird list of more than  1073 recorded bird species ranking 4th in Africa's bird species and 16th  internationally.[192] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Uganda has landscapes ranging from white-capped Rwenzori mountains (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) to the Great Rift Valley (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).

Science and technology

Main article: Science and technology in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy dates  from 2009. Its overarching goal is to ‘strengthen national capability to  generate, transfer and apply scientific knowledge, skills and  technologies that ensure sustainable utilization of natural resources  for the realisation of Uganda's development objectives.’ The policy  precedes Uganda Vision 2040, which was launched in April 2013 to  transform ‘Ugandan society from a peasant to a modern and prosperous  country within 30 years,’ in the words of the Cabinet. Uganda Vision  2040 vows to strengthen the private sector, improve education and  training, modernize infrastructure and the underdeveloped services and  agriculture sectors, foster industrialization and promote good  governance, among other goals. Potential areas for economic development  include oil and gas, tourism, minerals and information and communication  technologies (ICTs).[193] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Uganda was ranked 119th in the Global Innovation Index (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in 2021, down from 102nd in 2019.[194] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[195] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[196] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[197] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Research funding climbed between 2008 and 2010 from 0.33% to 0.48% of  GDP. Over the same period, the number of researchers doubled (in head  counts) from 1 387 to 2 823, according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).  This represents a leap from 44 to 83 researchers per million  inhabitants over the same period. One in four researchers is a woman. Uganda has been able to manufacture prototype of cars called kiira in  which the government invested 70usd. [193] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Uganda's population grew from 9.5 million people in 1969 to 34.9  million in 2014. With respect to the last inter-censal period (September  2002), the population increased by 10.6 million people in the past 12  years.[198] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Uganda's median age (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) of 15 years is the lowest in the world.[4] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Uganda has the fifth highest total fertility rate (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in the world, at 5.97 children born per woman (2014 estimates).[4] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

There were about 80,000 Indians in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) before Idi Amin required the expulsion of Ugandan-Asians (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (mostly of Indian origin) in 1972, which reduced the population to as  low as 7,000. Many Indians, however, returned to Uganda after Amin's  ouster in 1979. Around 90 percent of Ugandan Indians reside in Kampala.[199] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

According to the UNHCR (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Uganda hosts over 1.1 million refugees on its soil as of November 2018.[200] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Most come from neighbouring countries in the African Great Lakes (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) region, particularly South Sudan (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (68.0 percent) and Democratic Republic of the Congo (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (24.6%).[200] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Languages

Main article: Languages of Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

An ethnolinguistic map of Uganda

Swahili (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre),  a widely used language throughout the African Great Lakes region, was  approved as the country's second official national language in 2005.[2] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[201] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) English (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) was the only official language until the constitution was amended in  2005. Although Swahili has not been favoured by the Bantu-speaking  populations of the south and south-west of the country, it is an  important lingua franca (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in the northern regions. It is also widely used in the police and  military forces, which may be a historical result of the  disproportionate recruitment of northerners into the security forces  during the colonial period. The status of Swahili has thus alternated  with the political group in power.[202] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) For example, Idi Amin, who came from the north-west, declared Swahili to be the national language.[203] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Religion

Main article: Religion in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Saint Mary's Cathedral Rubaga (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), is the parent cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kampala (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).

The Roman Catholic Church (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) had the largest number of adherents (39.3 percent, down from 41.6 in 2002), followed by the Anglican (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Church of Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (32 percent, down from 35.9 percent). The category of Evangelical (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)/Pentecostal (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)/Born-Again (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) showed the most growth, rising from 4.7% in 2002 to 11.1% in 2018. Adventist (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and other Protestant (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) churches claimed most of the remaining Christians, although there was also a small Eastern Orthodox (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) community.[204] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[205] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) The next most reported religion of Uganda was Islam (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), with Muslims representing 13.7 percent of the population, up from 12.1% in 2002.[204] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The remainder of the population according to the 2014 census  followed traditional religions (0.1 percent, down from 1% in 2002),  other religions (1.4 percent), or had no religious affiliation (0.2  percent).[204] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Largest cities and towns

Rank  Name (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)  District (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)  Pop.   
Kampala (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)  1 Kampala (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Kampala (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) 1,507,114   2 Nansana (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Wakiso (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) 365,857   3 Kira (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Wakiso (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) 317,428   4 Makindye Ssabagabo (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Wakiso (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) 282,664   5 Mbarara (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Mbarara (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) 195,160   6 Mukono (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Mukono (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) 162,744   7 Gulu (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Gulu (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) 149,802   8 Lugazi (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Buikwe (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) 114,163   9 Kasese (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Kasese (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) 103,293   10 Masaka (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Masaka (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) 101,557Largest urban centres in UgandaUganda Bureau of Statistics (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) 2016, National Population and Housing Census 2014 – Main Report (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), p. 11

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Music of Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Ugandan cuisine (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), List of African writers (by country) § Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), and List of Ugandans (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Cultural celebrations in Northern Uganda

Woman in Rwenzori (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) – Western Uganda

Owing to the large number of communities, culture within Uganda is  diverse. Many Asians (mostly from India) who were expelled during the  regime of Idi Amin have returned to Uganda.[206] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Media

Further information: Mass media in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Uganda has a number of media outlets that broadcast domestically and  globally. They cover news, magazines, sports, business and  entertainment.

Popular Ugandan newspapers (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) include:

The most popular television stations in Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) include:

All of the media is controlled and regulated under the Uganda Communications Commission (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) (UCC).[207] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[208] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Sport

Further information: Uganda at the Olympics (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and Uganda at the Commonwealth Games (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Mandela National Stadium (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in Kira Town (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).

Football (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) is the national sport in Uganda. The Uganda national football team (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), nicknamed "The Cranes" is controlled by the Federation of Uganda Football Associations (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre). They have never qualified for the FIFA World Cup (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) finals. Their best finish in the African Cup of Nations (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) was second in 1978 (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre). Among clubs, SC Villa (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) are the most successful, having won the national league (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) 16 times and reached the final of the African Cup of Champions Clubs (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in 1991 (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), a feat also achieved by Simba SC (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in 1972 (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre). KCCA (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) are second in national league wins with 13.

As of 2020, Uganda at the Olympics (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) has won a total of two gold, three silver, and two bronze medals; four of which were in boxing (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and three in athletics (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre). Uganda at the Commonwealth Games (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) has collected 13 gold medals and a total 49 medals, all in boxing and athletics.

The Uganda national boxing team is called The Bombers.[209] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) They have won four medals at the Summer Olympics from 1968 to 1980, as well as two medals the 1974 World Amateur Boxing Championships (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre). Notable boxers include Cornelius Boza-Edwards (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Justin Juuko (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Ayub Kalule (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), John Mugabi (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Eridadi Mukwanga (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Joseph Nsubuga (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Kassim Ouma (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Sam Rukundo (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and Leo Rwabwogo (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).

In athletics, John Akii-Bua (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) won the first Olympic gold medal for Uganda. At the 1972 Summer Olympics (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in Munich, he won the 400m hurdles (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) race with a world record time of 47.82 seconds.[210] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) 400 metres runner Davis Kamoga (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) earned the bronze medal at 1996 Summer Olympics (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in Atlanta and the silver medal at the 1997 World Championships (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre). Dorcus Inzikuru (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) won the 3000 m steeplechase at the 2005 World Championships (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and the 2006 Commonwealth Games (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).

Stephen Kiprotich (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) has won the marathon at the 2012 Summer Olympics (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in London and the 2013 World Championships (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), and finished second at the 2015 Tokyo Marathon (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).[211] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Joshua Cheptegei (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) has won 10 km races at the World Championships, World Athletics Cross Country Championships (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and Commonwealth Games (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), and has set world records in 5 km and 15 km. Halimah Nakaayi (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) won the 800 meters race at the 2019 World Championships.

In cricket (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Uganda was part of the East Africa team (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) that qualified for the Cricket World Cup (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in 1975 (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).

The country has an increasingly successful national basketball team (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre). It is nicknamed "The Silverbacks,"[212] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) and made its debut at the 2015 FIBA Africa Championship (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).

In July 2011, Kampala, Uganda qualified for the 2011 Little League World Series (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in Williamsport, Pennsylvania (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) for the first time, beating Saudi Arabian baseball team Dharan LL,  although visa complications prevented them from attending the series.[213] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) Little League teams from Uganda qualified for and attended the 2012 Little League World Series (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre).[214] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Cinema

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2020)

Main article: Cinema of Uganda (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The Ugandan film industry is relatively young. It is developing  quickly, but still faces an assortment of challenges. There has been  support for the industry as seen in the proliferation of film festivals  such as Amakula (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Pearl International Film Festival (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre), Maisha (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) African Film Festival and Manya Human Rights Festival. However,  filmmakers struggle against the competing markets from other countries  on the continent such as those in Nigeria and South Africa in addition  to the big budget films from Hollywood.[215] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The first publicly recognised film that was produced solely by Ugandans was Feelings Struggle, which was directed and written by Hajji Ashraf Ssemwogerere (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) in 2005.[216] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) This marks the year of ascent of film in Uganda, a time where many  enthusiasts were proud to classify themselves as cinematographers in  varied capacities.[217] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The local film industry is polarised between two types of filmmakers. The first are filmmakers who use the Nollywood (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre) video film era (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)'s  guerrilla approach to film making, churning out a picture in around two  weeks and screening it in makeshift video halls. The second is the  filmmaker who has the film aesthetic, but with limited funds has to  depend on the competitive scramble for donor cash.[215] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

Though cinema in Uganda is evolving, it still faces major  challenges. Along with technical problems such as refining acting and  editing skills, there are issues regarding funding and lack of  government support and investment. There are no schools in the country  dedicated to film, banks do not extend credit to film ventures, and  distribution and marketing of movies remains poor.[215] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)[217] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

The Uganda Communications Commission (UCC) is preparing  regulations starting in 2014 that require Ugandan television to  broadcast 70 percent Ugandan content and of this, 40 percent to be  independent productions. With the emphasis on Ugandan film and the UCC  regulations favouring Ugandan productions for mainstream television,  Ugandan film may become more prominent and successful in the near  future.[217] (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

See also

References

Further reading

Encyclopedias

  • Appiah, Anthony and Henry Louis Gates (ed.) (2010). Encyclopaedia of Africa. Oxford University Press.

  • Middleton, John (ed.) (2008). New encyclopaedia of Africa. Detroit: Thompson-Gale.

  • Shillington, Kevin (ed.) (2005). Encyclopedia of African history. CRC Press.

Selected books and scholarly articles

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Uganda  at Wikipedia's sister projects (S'ouvre dans une nouvelle fenĂȘtre)

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